RESUMO Contexto: A cirurgia bariátrica ainda é controversa em pacientes idosos com obesidade grave. A maioria das publicações tem foco em segurança e desfechos clínicos precoces. A tolerância alimentar e o risco nutricional pós-operatório são desconhecidos para essa população. Métodos: Trinta e seis pacientes idosos com obesidade grave foram recrutados para um estudo clínico randomizado de setembro de 2017 a maio de 2019 comparando gastrectomia vertical com Bypass Gástrico em Y-de-Roux (BGYR). A tolerância alimentar foi avaliada pelo questionário de qualidade alimentar e dados sobre perda de peso, composição corporal e risco nutricional foram coletados entre 6 e 24 meses após a cirurgia. Resultados: Comparando os pacientes de gastrectomia vertical com BGYR, estes tiveram maior perda de peso total (22% vs 31%, P=0,01) e perda do excesso de peso (53% vs 68%, P=0,01). A tolerância alimentar para oito grupos foi similar entre grupos 14 vs 15 pontos, P=0,270), bem como o escore de Suter (23 vs 25, P=0,238). A ingestão diária de proteínas foi abaixo do recomendado para ambos os grupos (40 vs 51 g/d, P=0,105). O risco nutricional, avaliado através do ângulo de fase padronizado (-1,48 vs -1,99, P=0,027), foi pior para o grupo do BGYR. Conclusão: A tolerância alimentar e adequação do consumo alimentar foi similar entre os grupos. Pacientes submetidos a BGYR tiveram maior risco nutricional.

ABSTRACT Background: Bariatric surgery is still controversial in elderly patients with severe obesity. Most publications focus on safety and early clinical outcomes. Food tolerance and nutritional postoperative risk is unknown for this population. Methods: Thirty-six elderly patients with severe obesity were recruited for an open-label randomized trial from September 2017 to May 2019 comparing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB). Food tolerance was accessed by Quality of Alimentation (QoA) questionnaire and data on weight loss, body composition, and nutritional risk were collected between 6 and 24 months after surgery. Results: Comparing LSG to LRYGB patients, the latter had higher total weight loss (22% vs 31%, P=0.01) and excess weight loss (53% vs 68%, P=0.01). Food tolerance to eight food groups was similar between groups (14 vs 15 points, P=0.270), as Suter score (23 vs 25, P=0.238). Daily protein intake was below recommendation in both groups (40 vs 51 g/d, P=0.105). Nutritional risk, evaluated through Standardized Phase Angle (-1.48 vs -1.99, P=0.027), was worse for LRYGB group. Conclusion: Food tolerance and adequacy of food consumption were similar in both groups. LRYGB patients had higher nutritional risk.

RESUMO RACIONAL: As células L enteroendócrinas podem ser encontradas na extensão de todo trato gastrointestinal e suas incretinas atuam no controle glicêmico e da homeostase metabólica. Estudos mostram que pacientes obesos graves com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresentam má sinalização entero-hormonal e baixa resposta da secreção do peptídeo glucagon-1, que poderia ser explicado por uma densidade menor de células L ou uma distribuição mais distal ao longo do intestino delgado. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a diferença da densidade de células L nos segmentos do intestino delgado de pacientes obesos graves submetidos à gastroplastia em Y de Roux, em período pós-operatório tardio, com padronização de alça alimentar e biliopancreática com extensão de 60 cm em ambas. MÉTODOS: Ensaios de análises de imuno-histoquímica foram feitos a partir de biopsias intestinais obtidas em três segmentos: junto à anastomose gastrointestinal (AGI= Ponto A), junto à anastomose entero-enteral (AEE= Ponto B= 60 cm distal à AGI) e 60 cm distalmente à anastomose entero-enteral (Ponto C). Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de imunomarcação do peptídeo glucagon-1 secretado pelas células L. RESULTADOS: Foi observada maior densidade de células L na porção mais distal do intestino delgado (Ponto C) quando comparada às porções mais proximais (Ponto A e B). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes no pós-operatório de gastroplastia em Y de Roux, identificou-se concentração maior de células L já na porção a 60 cm distalmente a entero-entero anastomose quando comparada aos segmentos proximais, o que pode explicar diferenças na sensibilização no lúmen intestinal e na resposta entero-hormonal.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Enteroendocrine L cells can be found in the entire gastrointestinal tract and their incretins act on glycemic control and metabolic homeostasis. Patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may have lower density of L cells in the proximal intestine. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze the density of L cells in the segments of the small intestine in the late postoperative of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in diabetic patients with standardization of 60 cm in both loops, alimentary and biliopancreatic. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry analysis assays were made from intestinal biopsies in three segments: gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA= Point A), enteroenteral anastomosis (EEA= Point B= 60 cm distal to the GIA) and 60 cm distal to the enteroenteral anastomosis (Point C). RESULTS: A higher density of L cells immunostaining the glucagon-1 peptide was observed in the distal portion (Point C) when compared to the more proximal portions (Points A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of L cells is higher 60 cm distal to enteroenteral anastomosis when comparing to proximal segments and may explain the difference in intestinal lumen sensitization and enterohormonal response after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: A doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica já é considerada um problema de saúde pública, principalmente em pacientes com obesidade severa. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os diferentes escores de bioquímiosa disponíveis e determinar qual deles poderia servir melhor como uma ferramenta de avaliação da NAFLD em uma população de obesos. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo transversal de pacientes obesos. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com parâmetros laboratoriais séricos 1 semana antes da biópsia e todos os pacientes foram submetidos a biópsia hepática intra-operatória, durante a cirurgia bariátrica. RESULTADOS: Cento e quarenta e três pacientes obesos foram incluídos. Apenas APRI (0,65; IC 95%: 0,55 a 0,8) e HOMA-IR (0,7; IC 95%: 0,58 a 0,82) mostraram capacidade significativa de predição de esteatose grave. HSI, NALFDS, ALS / AST e FIB-4 não foram capazes de prever corretamente esteatose grave na biópsia hepática. APRI mostrou alta especificidade (82%) e baixa sensibilidade (54%). Em contraste, o HOMA-IR apresentou alta sensibilidade (84%) e baixa especificidade (48%). CONCLUSÃO: O NALFDS, FIB-4, AST / ALT e HSI não têm utilidade para avaliação de esteatose grave em pacientes com obesidade severa. Diabetes e avaliação bioquímica relacionada à resistência à insulina, como o HOMA-IR, podem ser empregados como boas ferramentas de rastreamento para esteatose grave em tais pacientes. O escore APRI é a ferramenta diagnóstica bioquímica mais específica para esteatose em pacientes com obesidade severa e pode ser empregado, por equipes médicas, para auxiliar na indicação de cirurgia bariátrica ou metabólica.

ABSTRACT - INTRODUCTION: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a public health problem, mainly in severely obese patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate different biochemical-based scores available and determine which one could best serve as an NAFLD predicting tool in a severely obese population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving severely obese patients. All patients were evaluated with serum laboratory parameters for 1 week before biopsy, and all patients were treated with intraoperative liver biopsy, during bariatric surgery. RESULTS: A total of 143 severely obese patients were included. The median body mass index (BMI) was 48 kg/m2 (35-65). Diabetes mellitus was present in 36%, and steatosis was present in 93% (severe steatosis in 20%). Only aspartate transaminase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI=0.65 (95% CI: 0.55-0.8) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR=0.7 (95% CI: 0.58-0.82) showed significant capacity for the prediction of severe steatosis. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI), NAFLD fibrosis score (NAFLDS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/AST, and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) were not able to correctly predict severe steatosis on liver biopsy. APRI showed high specificity of 82% and low sensitivity of 54%. In contrast, HOMA-IR showed high sensitivity of 84% and low specificity of 48%. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLDS, FIB-4, AST/ALT, and HSI have no utility for the evaluation of severe steatosis in severely obese patients. Diabetes and insulin-resistance-related biochemical assessments, such as HOMA-IR, can be used as good screening tools for severe steatosis in these patients. APRI score is the most specific biochemical diagnostic tool for steatosis in severely obese patients and can help clinicians to decide the need for bariatric or metabolic surgery.

RESUMO Racional: Nas últimas décadas, inúmeros estudos confirmam a importância do lactato - subproduto ao sinal de nutrientes do estado redox intracelular - às funções reguladoras do metabolismo energético. Objetivo: Avaliar alterações no lactato sanguíneo em pacientes com obesidade grave e sua correlação com a composição corporal e o perfil metabólico. Métodos: Vinte e quatro pacientes com obesidade grave (IMC=40 kg/m2) foram avaliadas em um estudo prospectivo antes e após seis meses do bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux. O lactato sanguíneo, colesterol total e frações, proteína C-reativa e HOMA-IR foram analisados após 12h de jejum. A composição corporal foi avaliada por bioimpedância elétrica e o quociente respiratório por calorimetria indireta. Resultados: O nível inicial de lactato foi de 2,5±1,1 mmol/l e retornou ao nível normal após a operação (1,9±3,6 mmol/l, p=0,0018). Essa redução foi correlacionada positivamente com a diminuição do IMC (p=0,0001), % de massa livre de gordura (p=0,001) e % de massa de gordura (p=0,001) e HOMA-IR (p=0,01). Houve normalização da lactatemia em 70% dos pacientes. Não houve correlação entre lactatemia e proteína C-reativa. Conclusões: Houve melhora significativa dos parâmetros metabólicos e normalização da lactatemia, perda de massa gorda, embora esses indivíduos permanecessem com IMC elevado.

ABSTRACT Background: In the last decades, numerous studies have confirmed the importance of lactate - by-product to the nutrient signal of the intracellular redox state - to regulatory functions in energy metabolism. Aim: To evaluate changes in blood lactate in patients with severe obesity and its correlation with body composition and metabolic profile. Methods: Twenty-four people with severe obesity (BMI=40 kg/m2) were evaluated in a prospective case-control study before and six months after Roux-in-Y gastric bypass. The blood lactate, total cholesterol, and fractions, C-reactive protein and HOMA-IR were analyzed after 12 h fasting. Body mass composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance and respiratory quotient was measured by indirect calorimetry. Results: The initial lactate level was 2.5±1.1 mmol/l and returned to normal level (1.9±3.6 mmol/l, p=0.0018) after surgery. This reduction was positively correlated with a decrease in BMI (p=0.0001), % free fat mass (p=0,001), % fat mass (p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.01). There was normalization of lactatemia in 70% of patients. There was no correlation between lactatemia and C-reactive protein. Conclusions: There was a significant improvement of metabolic parameters, normalization of blood lactate, fat mass loss, although these individuals remained with a high BMI.

OBJECTIVES: Several predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission after metabolic surgery have been proposed and used to develop predictive scores. These scores may not be reproducible in diverse geographic regions with different baseline characteristics. This study aimed to identify predictive factors associated with T2DM remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in patients with severe obesity. We hypothesized that the body composition alterations induced by bariatric surgery could also contribute to diabetes remission. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 100 patients with severe obesity and T2DM who underwent RYGB between 2014 and 2016 for preoperative factors (age, diabetes duration, insulin use, HbA1c, C-peptide plasma level, and basal insulinemia) to identify predictors of T2DM remission (glycemia<126 mg/dL and/or HbA1c<6.5%) at 3 years postoperatively. The potential preoperative predictors were prospectively applied to 20 other patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent RYGB for validation. In addition, 81 patients with severe obesity (33 with T2DM) underwent body composition evaluations by bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770®) 1 year after RYGB for comparison of body composition changes between patients with and those without T2DM. RESULTS: The retrospective analysis identified only a C-peptide level >3 ng/dL as a positive predictor of 3-year postoperative diabetes remission, which was validated in the prospective phase. There was a significant difference in the postoperative body composition changes between non-diabetic and diabetic patients only in trunk mass. CONCLUSION: Preoperative C-peptide levels can be useful for predicting T2DM remission after RYGB. Trunk mass is the most important difference in postoperative body composition changes between non-diabetic and diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVES: The gut microbiota is associated with obesity and weight loss after bariatric surgery and has been related to its changing pattern. Exactly how the bacterial population affects weight loss and the results of surgery remain controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the intestinal microbiota of superobese patients before and after gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). METHOD: DNA fragments for the microbiota obtained from stool samples collected from nine superobese patients before and after bariatric surgery were sequenced using Ion Torrent. RESULTS: We observed that with a mean follow-up of 15 months, patients achieved 55.9% excess weight loss (EWL). A significant population reduction in the Proteobacteria phylum (11 to 2%, p=0.0025) was observed after surgery, while no difference was seen in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Further analyses performed with two specific individuals with divergent clinical outcomes showed a change in the pattern between them, with a significant increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in the patient with less weight loss (%EWL 50.79 vs. 61.85). CONCLUSIONS: RYGB affects the microbiota of superobese patients, with a significant reduction in Proteobacteria in patients with different weight loss, showing that different bacteria may contribute to the process.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes in the body composition of morbidly obese patients induced by a very low-calorie diet. METHODS: We evaluated 120 patients selected from a university hospital. Body composition was assessed before and after the diet provided during hospitalization, and changes in weight, body mass index, and neck, waist and hip circumferences were analyzed. Bioimpedance was used to obtain body fat and fat-free mass values. The data were categorized by gender, age, body mass index and diabetes diagnosis. RESULTS: The patients consumed the diet for 8 days. They presented a 5% weight loss (without significant difference among groups), which represented an 85% reduction in body fat. All changes in body circumference were statistically significant. There was greater weight loss and a greater reduction of body fat in men, but the elderly showed a significantly higher percentage of weight loss and greater reductions in body fat and fat-free mass. Greater reductions in body fat and fat-free mass were also observed in superobese patients. The changes in the diabetic participants did not differ significantly from those of the non-diabetic participants. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a VLCD before bariatric surgery led to a loss of weight at the expense of body fat over a short period, with no significant differences in the alteration of body composition according to gender, age, body mass index and diabetes status.

RESUMO Racional: O índice de massa corporal (IMC) para diagnóstico nutricional apresenta limitações, pois não representa medida precisa da adiposidade corporal, podendo assim subestimar a presença de obesidade. Objetivo: Desenvolver um índice de massa corporal baseado entre a relação da massa e altura do tronco. Método: Cinquenta e sete pacientes em preparo pré-operatório para cirurgia bariátrica foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica (peso, altura e índice de massa corporal). Para cálculo do IMC do tronco foi avaliada a composição corporal pela bioimpedância, obtendo-se a massa livre de gordura e massa de gordura do tronco; a medida do tronco foi calculada pela diferença entre a altura a partir da sétima vértebra cervical e a extensão dos membros inferiores. O cálculo do IMC do tronco (IMCt) foi a soma das medidas da massa livre de gordura do tronco (MLGt) e massa de gordura do tronco (MGt), em kg, dividindo-se pelo quadrado da altura do tronco (m2)). O IMC de gordura do tronco (IMCgt) foi calculado utilizando a MGt, em kg, dividindo-a pelo quadrado da altura do tronco (m2)). Para correção e ajuste do IMCt e IMCgt foi calculada a relação entre os valores de extensão do tronco e da altura, multiplicando-se pelo valor dos índices obtidos. Resultados: As médias do peso e altura foram de 125,3±19,5 kg e 1,63 m±0,1, respectivamente, e do IMC de 47±5 kg/m2). A média da altura do tronco foi de 0,52±0,1 m, da MLGt de 29,05±4,8 kg, da MGt de 27,2±3,7 kg, do IMCt de 66,6±10,3 kg/m², e do IMCgt 32,3±5,8 kg/m². Em 93% dos pacientes houve aumento da classificação da gravidade da obesidade com o cálculo do IMCt . Nos pacientes com obesidade grau III, o IMCt alterou a classificação para super-obesidade em 72% dos pacientes e para super-super obesidade em 24% dos pacientes. Conclusão: O IMC do tronco é método antropométrico acessível e prático, que permite a reclassificação do IMC baseado na distribuição da massa do tronco, evidenciando de forma mais clara a gravidade da obesidade.

ABSTRACT Background: Body mass index (BMI) has some limitations for nutritional diagnosis since it does not represent an accurate measure of body fat and it is unable to identify predominant fat distribution. Aim: To develop a BMI based on the ratio of trunk mass and height. Methods: Fifty-seven patients in preoperative evaluation to bariatric surgery were evaluated. The preoperative anthropometric evaluation assessed weight, height and BMI. The body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance, obtaining the trunk fat free mass and fat mass, and trunk height. Trunk BMI (tBMI) was calculated by the sum of the measurements of the trunk fat free mass (tFFM) and trunk fat mass (tFM) in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). The calculation of the trunk fat BMI (tfBMI) was calculated by tFM, in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). For the correction and adjustment of the tBMI and tfBMI, it was calculated the relation between trunk extension and height, multiplying by the obtained indexes. Results: The mean data was: weight 125.3±19.5 kg, height 1.63±0.1 m, BMI was 47±5 kg/m2) and trunk height was 0.52±0,1 m, tFFM was 29.05±4,8 kg, tFM was 27.2±3.7 kg, trunk mass index was 66.6±10.3 kg/m², and trunk fat was 32.3±5.8 kg/m². In 93% of the patients there was an increase in obesity class using the tBMI. In patients with grade III obesity the tBMI reclassified to super obesity in 72% of patients and to super-super obesity in 24% of the patients. Conclusion: The trunk BMI is simple and allows a new reference for the evaluation of the body mass distribution, and therefore a new reclassification of the obesity class, evidencing the severity of obesity in a more objectively way.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate associations between maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs and body composition for subjects with severe obesity. METHODS: Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. One hundred thirty-two patients were enrolled (100 females and 32 males). Eighty-seven patients had a body mass index between 40 and 49.9 kg/m2 (the A group), and 45 patients had a body mass index between 50 and 59.9 kg/m2 (the B group). RESULTS: Absolute extension and flexion torques had weak associations with fat-free mass but a moderate association with absolute extension torque and fat-free mass of the lower limbs. There were no significant differences between the A and B groups with respect to absolute extension and flexion torques. For the A group, absolute extension and flexion torques were moderately associated with fat-free mass and with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. For the B group, there were only moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that both groups exhibited similar absolute torque values. There were weak to moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques and fat-free mass but a moderate association with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. Individuals with severe obesity should strive for greater absolute torques, fat-free mass and especially fat-free mass of the lower limbs to prevent functional limitations and physical incapacity.

Racional : O tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade em idosos, em particular nos indivíduos com mais de 65 anos, permanece controverso; seja pelo risco cirúrgico aumentado ou pela ausência de dados que demonstrem seu benefício em longo prazo. Objetivo : Avaliar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico em pacientes com mais de 60 anos, seguidos por um período médio de cinco anos. Método : Estudo retrospectivo que avaliou 46 pacientes com 60 anos ou mais, submetidos ao bypass gástrico convencional (laparotomia). A idade média foi de 64 anos (60-71), IMC médio de 49,6 kg/m2 (38-66), tempo médio de seguimento de 5,9 anos. Pacientes eram hipertensos eram 91%, diabéticos 56% e 39% tinham dislipidemia. Resultados : A incidência de complicações (maiores e menores) nos com menos de 65 anos foi de 26% e com mais de 65 anos de 37% (p=0,002). Não houve óbitos no grupo com menos de 65 anos e houve dois óbitos (12,5%) no com mais de 65. A perda média de excesso de peso nos pacientes com mais ou menos de 65 anos foi de 72% x 68% (p=0,56). Houve controle total do diabete melito em 77% dos pacientes e parcial em 23%, sem diferença entre os grupos com mais ou menos de 65 anos. Houve melhora da hipertensão arterial em 56% dos pacientes também sem diferença entre os grupos. Os níveis médios de LDL não variaram entre o pré e pós-operatório (106 mg/dl para 102 mg/dl), houve aumento do HDL (56 mg/dl para 68 mg/dl) e redução do triglicérides (136 mg/dl para 109 mg/dl). Não houve diferença estatística na variação das frações de colesterol e triglicerídeos entre os grupos. Dois pacientes do grupo com menos de 65 anos morreram no seguimento tardio por tumor cerebral e pneumonia, três e cinco anos após a cirurgia bariátrica, respectivamente. Conclusões : A morbimortalidade cirúrgica nos pacientes com mais de 65 anos foi maior. Mas, os acima de 65 tiveram os mesmos benefícios observados nos com menos de 65 anos, em relação à perda de peso e controle de comorbidades.

Background : Surgical treatment of obesity in the elderly, particularly over 65, remains controversial; it is explained by the increased surgical risk or the lack of data demonstrating its long-term benefit. Few studies have evaluated the clinical effects of bariatric surgery in this population. Aim : To evaluate the results of surgical treatment of obesity in patients over 60 years, followed for an average period of five years. Method : This was a retrospective study evaluating 46 patients, 60 years or older, who underwent surgical treatment of obesity, by conventional gastric bypass technique (laparotomy). The average age was 64 years (60-71), mean BMI of 49.6 kg/m2 (38-66), mean follow-up of 5.9 years; 91% of patients were hypertensive, 56% diabetics and 39% had dyslipidemia. Results : The incidence of complications (major and minor) in patients under 65 years was 26% and over 65 years 37% (p=0.002). There were no deaths in the group with less than 65 years and there were two deaths (12.5%) over 65 years. The average loss of overweight over 65 years or less was 72% vs 68% (p=0.56). There was total control of the diabetes mellitus in 77% and partial in 23%, with no difference between groups. There was improvement in arterial hypertension in 56% of patients, also no difference between groups. The average LDL levels did not differ between the pre and postoperative (106 mg/dl to 102 mg/dl), an increase of HDL (56 mg/dl to 68 mg/dL) and reduced triglyceride levels (136 mg/dl to 109 mg/dl). There was no statistical difference in the variation of the cholesterol fractions and triglycerides between the groups. Two patients in the group with less than 65 years died in late follow-up, of brain tumor and pneumonia, three and five years after bariatric surgery, respectively. Conclusions : Surgical morbidity and mortality were higher in patients over 65 years, and this group had the same benefits observed in patients lower 65 years for weight loss and comorbidities control.

Racional : A obesidade está correlacionada com diversas comorbidades, dentre elas a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Ela tem como um de seus principais desencadeantes a hérnia do hiato, e como suas principais complicações a esofagite erosiva e o esôfago de Barrett. Objetivo : Correlacionar o grau do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com a presença e tamanho da hérnia hiatal, e com a presença e gravidade da esofagite erosiva e esôfago de Barrett. Método : Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de laudos endoscópicos pré-operatórios de 717 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. A hérnia de hiato esteve presente em 56 pacientes (8%), sendo que delas 44 eram pequenas, nove médias e cinco grandes. O grau da esofagite obedeceu o preconizado pela Classificação de Los Angeles. Resultados : Não houve correlação entre a presença ou tamanho da herniação hiatal com o IMC. Dos pacientes avaliados, 134 (18,7%) apresentavam esofagite erosiva. Dentre elas 104 (14,5%) eram grau A; 25 (3,5%) grau B e cinco (0,7%) grau C. Considerando-se apenas os portadores de esofagite erosiva, 77,6% eram grau A; 18,7% grau B; e 3,7% grau C. Foram identificados apenas dois casos de esôfago de Barrett (0,28% da amostra total). Conclusão : Observou-se correlação positiva entre o grau de esofagite com o aumento do IMC.

Background : Obesity is correlated with several comorbidities, including gastroesophageal reflux disease. Its main complications are detectable by endoscopy: erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Aim : To correlate erosive esophagitis and hiatal hernia with the degree of body mass index (BMI). Method : Was performed a retrospective analysis of 717 preoperative endoscopic reports of bariatric patients. Fifty-six (8%) presented hiatal hernia, being 44 small, nine medium and five large. Esophagitis was classified by Los Angeles classification. Results : There was no correlation between the presence and dimension of hiatal hernia with BMI. One hundred thirty-four (18.7%) patients presented erosive esophagitis. Among them, 104 (14.5%) had esophagitis grade A; 25 (3.5%) grade B; and five (0.7%) grade C. When considering only the patients with erosive esophagitis, 77.6% had esophagitis grade A, 18.7% grade B and 3.7% grade C. Were identified only two patients with Barrett's esophagus (0,28%). Conclusion : There was a positive correlation between the degree of esophagitis with increasing BMI.

OBJECTIVE:Patients undergoing abdominal surgery are at risk for pulmonary complications. The principal cause of postoperative pulmonary complications is a significant reduction in pulmonary volumes (FEV1 and FVC) to approximately 65-70% of the predicted value. Another frequent occurrence after abdominal surgery is increased intra-abdominal pressure. The aim of this study was to correlate changes in pulmonary volumes with the values of intra-abdominal pressure after abdominal surgery, according to the surgical incision in the abdomen (superior or inferior).METHODS:We prospectively evaluated 60 patients who underwent elective open abdominal surgery with a surgical time greater than 240 minutes. Patients were evaluated before surgery and on the 3rd postoperative day. Spirometry was assessed by maximal respiratory maneuvers and flow-volume curves. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured in the postoperative period using the bladder technique.RESULTS:The mean age of the patients was 56±13 years, and 41.6% 25 were female; 50 patients (83.3%) had malignant disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical incision (superior or inferior). The lung volumes in the preoperative period showed no abnormalities. After surgery, there was a significant reduction in both FEV1 (1.6±0.6 L) and FVC (2.0±0.7 L) with maintenance of FEV1/FVC of 0.8±0.2 in both groups. The maximum intra-abdominal pressure values were similar (p= 0.59) for the two groups. There was no association between pulmonary volumes and intra-abdominal pressure measured in any of the groups analyzed.CONCLUSIONS:Our results show that superior and inferior abdominal surgery determines hypoventilation, unrelated to increased intra-abdominal pressure. Patients at high risk of pulmonary complications should receive respiratory care even if undergoing inferior abdominal surgery.

Contexto A obesidade em idosos está associada ao maior comprometimento da funcionalidade, que ocorre com o envelhecimento e em decorrência de perda de massa e força muscular, além de disfunção articular. Como consequência, há perda progressiva de autonomia, dor crônica, diminuição de qualidade de vida e dependência progressiva. A perda de peso pode trazer benefícios em todos esses aspectos, principalmente quando acompanhada de exercícios físicos. Pacientes idosos com obesidade mórbida podem ser submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico, levando-se em consideração que a perda de peso maciça, proporcionada pela cirurgia bariátrica, pode agravar a perda de massa muscular e trazer complicações nutricionais que poderão prejudicar a saúde global e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. A avaliação funcional de pacientes idosos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e, em que medida a cirurgia pode trazer benefícios ao paciente no campo da funcionalidade ainda precisam ser determinadas. Objetivos Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de funcionalidade de pacientes idosos em um programa de cirurgia bariátrica. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou por meio de entrevista, exame físico, exames laboratoriais e revisão de prontuários pacientes com obesidade graus II e III, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, com 60 anos ou mais. A análise incluiu peso, IMC, presença de comorbidades mais comuns, utilização de medicações para doenças crônicas e testes funcionais. Para os últimos foram utilizados questionários de avaliação de atividades diárias, atividades diárias instrumentalizadas e o teste “Timeupandgo” que avalia mobilidade, cujo tempo de corte é de até 10 segundos. Resultados Quarenta pacientes completaram a avaliação. A idade média foi de 64,1 anos (60-72) e 75% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O peso médio foi de 121,1 kg (72.7-204) e o IMC médio de 47.2 kg/m2 (35,8-68,9). Dezesseis (40%) pacientes apresentaram dependência para avaliação de atividades diárias, 19 (47,5%) para atividades diárias instrumentalizadas e 20 (50%) pacientes tiveram um “Timedupandgo” test acima de 10 segundos. A análise estatística (t-Student, Mann-Whitney, Regressão logística) mostraram correlação positiva entre dependência em avaliação de atividades diárias e IMC >49 kg/m2, dependência em atividades diárias instrumentalizadas e IMC >46,5 kg/m2, e “Timedupandgo” test acima de 10 segundos e IMC >51 kg/m2 (P<0,05). Nenhuma diferença em dependência foi observada para pacientes entre 60 e 65 anos ou acima de 65 anos. Conclusões O declínio funcional foi observado em praticamente metade dos pacientes com obesidade grave acima dos 60 anos. Está relacionado com o aumento progressivo do IMC (IMC >46,5 kg/m2) mas não com a idade (60 à 65 anos ou acima de 65 anos). O declínio funcional deve ser considerado uma comorbidade do idoso obeso e deve ser avaliado para a indicação de cirurgia bariátrica, nesta população.

Context Obesity in the elderly is associated with exacerbation of functional decline (dependency), that occurs with aging, because of decreased muscle mass and strength, and increased joint dysfunction. Consequently, there is progressive loss of independence, autonomy, chronic pain and impaired quality of life. The weight loss can bring benefits in all these aspects, especially when accompanied by exercises. Elderly patients with morbid obesity may be submitted to surgical treatment, taking into account that the massive weight loss, eventually caused by bariatric surgery, may exacerbate the loss of muscle mass and nutritional complications that may bring harm to the overall health and quality of life of these patients. The functional assessment of elderly patients, candidates for bariatric surgery and the extent to which surgery can bring benefits to the patients, in the field of functionality, has still to be determined. Objective To describe profile functionality in obese elderly referred to a bariatric surgery program. Methods Patients with age ≥60 and BMI ≥35 underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment that evaluates co morbidities, medication use, ability to perform basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and the “Timedupandgo” test to evaluate mobility, whose cut-off point was ≤10 seconds. Statistical analysis was performed in order to see if there is a positive correlation of dependency with BMI and age (over or under 65 years). Results Forty subjects have completed evaluation. The mean age was 64.1 years (60-72) and 75% were women. They had an average weight of 121.1 kg (72.7-204) and a mean BMI of 47.2 kg/m2 (35.8-68.9). 16 patients (40%) have shown dependency for activities of daily living, 19 (47,5%) for instrumental activities of daily living and 20 patients (50%) had a “Timedupandgo” test over 10 seconds. Statistical analysis (t-Student, Mann-Whitney, Binary Logistic Regression) has shown positive correlation of dependency in activities of daily living for BMI >49 kg/m2, dependency in instrumental activities of daily living for BMI >46,5 kg/m2, and “Timedupandgo” test greater than 10 seconds for BMI >51 kg/m2 (P<0,05). No dependency difference was observed for patients over or under 65 years age. Conclusions Functional decline is observed in almost half of the morbid obese patients over 60 years old. It is related to increasing BMI (BMI >46,5 kg/m2) but not related to age (60 to 65 years or over 65 years). Functional decline should be considered a co-morbidity in the elderly obese patients and should be assessed before bariatric surgery in this population.

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of obesity and particularly super obesity, has increased tremendously. At our institution, super obesity represents 30.1% of all severely obese individuals in the bariatric surgery program. In super obesity, surgical morbidity is higher and the results are worse compared with morbid obesity, independent of the surgical technique. The primary strategy for minimizing complications in these patients is to decrease the body mass index before surgery. Preoperative weight reduction can be achieved by a hypocaloric diet, drug therapy, an intragastric balloon, or hospitalization. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of a period of hospitalization for preoperative weight loss in a group of super-obese patients. METHODS: Twenty super-obese patients were submitted to a weight loss program between 2006 and 2010. The mean patient age was 46 years (range 21-59). The mean BMI was 66 kg/m2 (range 51-98) and 12 were women. The average hospital stay was 19.9 weeks and the average weight loss was 19% of the initial weight (7-37%). The average caloric intake was 5 kcal/kg/day. After the weight loss program, the patients underwent gastric bypass surgery. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed that after 14 weeks of treatment (15% loss of initial weight), the weight loss was not significant. All patients had satisfactory surgical recovery and were discharged after an average of 4.6 days. CONCLUSION: In super obesity, preoperative weight loss is an important method for reducing surgical risks. Hospitalization and a hypocaloric diet are safe and effective. After 14 weeks, the weight loss rate stabilized, signaling the time of surgical intervention in our study.